Reducing equivalents, such as NADH and FADH 2, produced via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, deliver electrons along the electron transport chain to reduce molecular oxygen to water. Predominantly known as the powerhouse of the cell, mitochondria provide cellular energy by generating ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. The mtDNA encodes 13 polypeptides, which are components of the electron transport chain, as well as two ribosomal RNAs (rRNA) and 22 transfer RNAs (tRNA), which regulate the synthesis of mitochondrial proteins. There are hundreds of mitochondria in one cell and each mitochondrion contains 2–10 copies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The mitochondria consist of two membranes, an ion impermeable inner membrane and a permeable outer membrane, which envelopes a soluble matrix containing cristae. Mitochondria are cellular organelles that regulate various essential cellular processes. Clinical studies using taurine therapy in mitochondria-targeted pathologies will also be discussed. This review, therefore, will provide an overview of the significant role of taurine in the maintenance of mitochondrial function. Although taurine was first identified in the 1800s, the mitochondrial actions of taurine still remain unclear and underappreciated. In addition, taurine supplementation has been shown to improve the exercise capacity of patients with heart failure, which is likely due to improvement of the myocardial energy production. Indeed, the use of taurine dates back to 1985, as taurine was first used to treat patients with congestive heart failure in Japan. Recently, taurine, a sulfur-containing amino acid, has been approved in Japan in treating stroke-like episodes in patients with mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), which is a mitochondrial disease. Often, antioxidant therapy, such as coenzyme Q, mitoQ, vitamin E, gingko biloba extracts, ebselen, creatine, lipoic acid, melatonin and l-arginine, provide some protections, potentially by improving the mitochondrial function and reducing oxidative stress in these diseases. Mitochondrial dysfunction, along with oxidative stress, is a key hallmark of various pathologies, such as aging, cardiovascular diseases, mitochondrial diseases, metabolic syndrome, cancer and neurological disorders, such as neurodegenerative diseases and neurodevelopmental disorders. We will also describe several reported studies on the current use of taurine supplementation in several mitochondria-associated pathologies in humans. Then, we will discuss the antioxidant action of taurine, particularly in relation to the maintenance of mitochondria function. In this review, we will provide a general overview on the mitochondria biology and the consequence of mitochondrial defects in pathologies. Accumulating studies have shown that taurine supplementation also protects against pathologies associated with mitochondrial defects, such as aging, mitochondrial diseases, metabolic syndrome, cancer, cardiovascular diseases and neurological disorders. In 1985, taurine was first approved as the treatment among heart failure patients in Japan. Taurine was first isolated in the 1800s, but not much was known about this molecule until the 1990s. Taurine has a number of benefits on the body.Taurine is a naturally occurring sulfur-containing amino acid that is found abundantly in excitatory tissues, such as the heart, brain, retina and skeletal muscles. A single capsule of 500 mg makes it simple to get an optimum dosage of taurine every day. Taurine deficiency has a number of symptoms, but with the HealthyHey Taurine Health Supplement, you can be sure that you are incorporating enough Taurine into your diet the easy way. The amino acid taurine is naturally found in meat and fish however, people aren't getting enough taurine from their diets.
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